HOW DOES A CONCUSSION OCCUR?

Memory deficits (e.g. unable to memorize and recall three words or objects, repeatedly asking a question that has already been answered, unable to recall the score, unable to recall the team they are playing)

If there is any risk of a neck injury, stabilize the player's head and neck, then get help

When appropriate support (doctor or ambulance crew) has stabilized the neck with a collar, the player may be taken from the field on a scoop stretcher or spinal board

A doctor or sports medic should make a thorough medical assessment, record the symptoms and events leading to the injury, and make further hospital referral if required

No concussed player should return to their sport until they have been cleared by a medical professional.

IMMEDIATE MANAGEMENT

REDUCE IMMEDIATE DANGER

•

Stop play

ASSESS CONSCIOUS STATE

•	Ask questions, can the player talk, can the player move?

IF UNCONSCIOUS:

•	Assume player has broken neck - minimise all movement
•	Check ABCs
	Airways - remove anything blocking airway Breathing - is player breathing? If not, start mouth to mouth resuscitation Circulation - is there a pulse? If not, start Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

LATER IN THE DAY

THE NEXT 24 HOURS

•	A responsible adult should stay with the concussed player for at least the next 24 hours

THE PLAYER

•	The player may feel irritable, tired and nauseous

SEEK URGENT MEDICAL ATTENTION FOR:

•	Convulsions	•	Unequal pupil size
•	Vomiting	•	Severe or worsening headache
•	Weakness	•	Deterioration in level of consciousness

ALCOHOL AND DRUGS SHOULD BE AVOIDED

Once acute symptoms pass, a gradual return to low level aerobic training followed by non-contact drills and finally contact play is recommended

Until completely symptom-free, concussed athletes should not resume any training or competition

If symptoms persist for a few weeks to six months or more this is called 'post-concussion syndrome'. This may be associated with headaches, a reduced concentration span, slow decision-making, dizziness, fatigue, irritability, impaired memory and personality changes

Many symptoms are made worse by exercise so rest is the most advisable treatment

If post-concussion syndrome occurs, the athlete should not be allowed to return to competition until completely symptom-free.

In athletes with symptoms from a previous concussion, a second blow to the head may cause brain swelling, coma or even death. This is called 'second impact syndrome' and may cause death in up to 50% of cases.

NOTE: This is an approximate guide only. Timeframes for rehabilitation and return to play may vary depending on the nature and severity of the injury. Always seek the advice of a medical professional for a rehabilitation program specific to you and your injury.